2011 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

2011 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Season summary map
First storm formed February 2, 2011
Last storm dissipated December 31, 2011
Strongest storm Thane – 976 hPa (mbar), 140 km/h (85 mph) (3-minute sustained)
Depressions 10
Deep depressions 6
Cyclonic storms 2
Very severe cyclonic storms 1
Super cyclonic storms 0
Total fatalities 360 total
Total damage At least $1.64 million (2011 USD)
North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons
2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, Post-2012

The 2011 North Indian Ocean cyclone season is an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with peaks in May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean.

The scope of this article is limited to the Indian Ocean in the Northern Hemisphere, east of the Horn of Africa and west of the Malay Peninsula. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean — the Arabian Sea to the west of the Indian subcontinent, abbreviated ARB by the India Meteorological Department (IMD); and the Bay of Bengal to the east, abbreviated BOB by the IMD.

The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center releases unofficial advisories. The tropical cyclone scale for this basin is detailed on the right. On average, 4 to 6 storms form in this basin every season.[1]

Contents

Season summary


So far this season, 10 depressions have developed out of low pressure areas, with six intensifying further into deep depressions, two deep depressions have developed into cyclonic storms, and one cyclonic storm has intensified into a severe cyclonic storm. The first depression of the season developed on February 2 about 300 km (190 mi) to the east of Colombo, Sri Lanka. The depression brought isolated rainfall to parts of Sri Lanka, while remaining near stationary before weakening into an area of low pressure early the next day.

Depression ARB 01 formed in early June near India, before Deep Depression BOB 02 formed a few days later. Land Depression 01 formed on July 22, and dissipated a day later. Depression BOB 03 formed on September 22, and soon made landfall on India. Depression BOB 03 dissipated the next day, on September 23. October was a much more active month, as Deep Depression BOB 04 and Deep Depression ARB 02 both formed, during this period of time. Then Cyclonic Storm Keila formed in November and came ashore in Oman, before Depression ARB03 formed and dissipated near the Oman coast.

Storms

Depression BOB 01

Depression (IMD)
Duration February 2 – February 3
Intensity 45 km/h (30 mph) (3-min),  1002 mbar (hPa)

On February 2, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) upgraded an area of low pressure, located approximately 100 km southeast of Pottuvil, Sri Lanka, to a depression, giving it the designation "BOB 01."[2] The convection in the system gradually increased and the system drifted towards land.[3] Early on the next day, the IMD downgraded the system into a remnant low because of its proximity to land and weakened.[4]

Following catastrophic floods in December 2010 and January 2011, the depression brought additional rainfall to Sri Lanka.[5] The subsequent floods and mudslides killed 18 people and affected nearly 1.2 million. Numerous roads were washed away as reservoirs across the island overflowed their banks and inundated surrounding communities. In the wake of the floods, the Government of Sri Lanka allocated 33 billion Sri Lankan rupee ($287 million USD) for rehabilitation.[6]

Depression ARB 01

Depression (IMD)
Tropical storm (SSHS)
Duration June 11 – June 12
Intensity 45 km/h (30 mph) (3-min),  996 mbar (hPa)

In early June, a low pressure area formed over the Arabian Sea. The low pressure area remained stationary and became more well marked. On June 11, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) upgraded the area of low pressure to a depression giving it the designation "ARB 01".[7] The same day, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) designated the system as Tropical Cyclone 01A.[8] At that time it was located approximately 180 kilometres (110 mi) northwest of Mumbai, India and 150 kilometres (93 mi) southeast of Veraval, Gujarat. Later, on June 12, IMD reported that the depression had crossed the Saurashtra coast of India about 25 km east of Diu.[9] Later on the same day, the IMD reported that the depression had weakened into a well-marked low pressure area in their last bulletin for the system.[10]

Deep Depression BOB 02

Deep Depression (IMD)
Duration June 16 – June 23
Intensity 65 km/h (40 mph) (3-min),  978 mbar (hPa)

On June 16, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) upgraded an area of well marked low pressure (WML), located about 100 km east-southeast of Sagar Island, 150 km southeast of Kolkata and 150 km west-southwest of Khepupara (Bangladesh), to a depression, giving it the designation "BOB 02".[11] On 16 June, the depression intensified into a deep depression and crossed the West Bengal coast about 100 km east of Sagar Island.[12] On the same day, at 1900 hrs UTC, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA).[13] The system drifted further inland and the JTWC cancelled their TCFA the next day.[14] The system weakened into a depression by 18 June and laid centered over Jharkhand.[15] The depression gradually drifted westwards and moved onto northern Madhya Pradesh by June 21.[16] and slowly dissipated into a well marked low pressure area on June 23.[17]

Heavy rains across West Bengal triggered widespread flooding and landslides that killed at least six people.[18]

Land Depression 01

Depression (IMD)
Duration July 22 – July 23
Intensity 35 km/h (25 mph) (3-min),  990 mbar (hPa)

On July 21 as the Madden–Julian oscillation entered its fifth phase, the Bay of Bengal became favourable for tropical cyclogenesis.[19] As a result of this and an Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex, an area of low pressure developed on July 21, over Gangetic West Bengal about 50 km (30 mi) to the southeast of Daltonganj.[19] During the next day the IMD reported that the low pressure area had intensified into the first land depression of the season, with peak 3-minute sustained windspeeds of 35 km/h (25 mph).[19] During that day the depression moved towards the northwest under the influence of a monsoon trough before weakening into a low pressure area early on July 23.[19] Under the influence of the system, the Indian states of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Chattisgarh and Vidarbha saw widespread heavy rainfall, however, no economic damage was reported.[19]

Depression BOB 03

Depression (IMD)
Duration September 22 – September 23
Intensity 45 km/h (30 mph) (3-min),  995 mbar (hPa)

Late on September 20, an area of low pressure developed approximately 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) south of Chittagong, Bangladesh.[20] Under the influence of strong vertical wind shear and monsoonal activity in the Bay of Bengal, the system couldn't strengthen and the JTWC later reported that the system dissipated.[21] However, on September 22, the IMD started monitoring the system as a Depression and initiated bulletins on the system, designating it with BOB 03.[22] Late on that day, BOB 03 drifted northwest and made landfall over north Orissa close to Balasore.[23] After moving further northwestwards, the depression remained practically stationary over Jharkhand. By the evening of September 23, IMD reported that the depression had weakened into a well-marked low pressure area in their final bulletin for the system, as the storm dissipated to a remnant low.[24]

As the depression made landfall, heavy rains threatened flood for the second time within two weeks in the Bramhani and Baitarani rivers. By the evening of September 22, 90 villages in Jajpur were displaced to the sudden spontaneous swelling of the river Baitarani.[25] At least 38 people were killed in flood-related incidents across Orissa. The worst flooding took place in the Jajpur and Bhadrak districts where at least 18 people perished.[26]

Deep Depression BOB 04

Deep depression (IMD)
Tropical storm (SSHS)
Duration October 19 – October 20
Intensity 55 km/h (35 mph) (3-min),  1000 mbar (hPa)

A low pressure area over the Bay of Bengal intensified, and was upgraded to Depression BOB 04 on 19 October 2011.[27] The depression intensified slightly and the IMD upgraded the storm into a Deep Depression the same day.[28] Later on the same day, the JTWC upgraded the system into a Tropical Storm. The system moved inland and weakened into a depression. The weakening process took place gradually as the storm moved more inland and dissipated into a remnant low.[29]

Along the border between Myanmar and Bangladesh, torrential rains produced devastating flash floods. In the Magway region, roughly 2,000 homes were washed away by a "mass of water" and more than 6,000 remained flooded for days. Initial estimates placed damage from the storm at $1.64 million.[30] At least 215 people were confirmed to have been killed with many more missing. Officials in the hard-hit town of Pakokku believed that the death toll would exceed 300 as residents searched for missing relatives days after the floods.[31] Similar to what took place in the wake of Cyclone Nargis in 2008, journalists were warned by the Government not to take pictures of the disaster. Overall, it is the deadliest tropical cyclone in the North Indian Ocean since Cyclone Aila in 2009.[32]

Cyclonic Storm Keila

Main article: Cyclone Keila
Cyclonic storm (IMD)
Tropical storm (SSHS)
Duration October 29 – November 4
Intensity 65 km/h (40 mph) (3-min),  996 mbar (hPa)

Under the influence of a low-level trough, a low-pressure area formed over the Arabian Sea in late October. The system organized and the IMD designated the system Depression "ARB 02".[33] The depression moved toward the Middle East during the next few days and intensified into a Deep Depression on November 1.[34] In the morning of November 2, IMD upgraded the deep depression into a cyclonic storm and was named Keila.

Heavy rains from the storm in Oman are blamed on at least 14 deaths and 200 people are injured. High flood waters prompted the evacuation of hospitals in the capital city of Muscat.[35] On November 3, JTWC downgraded the storm into a tropical depression. On the same day, JTWC issue their final advisories on this system. In evening, IMD downgraded the storm into a deep depression. On November 4, IMD downgraded the depression into an area of low pressure issuing its final advisory on the system.[36]

Deep Depression ARB 03

Deep depression (IMD)
Tropical storm (SSHS)
Duration November 6 – November 10
Intensity 55 km/h (35 mph) (3-min),  1000 mbar (hPa)

On November 6, The India Meteorological Department upgraded an area of low pressure area into a Depression, designating it ARB 03. The system was forecasted to intensify into a deep depression and move towards the Gulf of Aden in the next 72 hours.[37] On the same day a TCFA was issued by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC).[38] The IMD upgraded the storm into a deep depression on November 8, and forecasted that it would intensify into a cyclonic storm within the next 24 hours[39] which was followed by an upgrade to a tropical storm by JTWC.[40] After an influence of unfavorable conditions and landmass, the system weakened and JTWC issued its final warning.[41] Soon the IMD downgraded the storm into a depression.[42] On November 10, the storm dissipated into a low pressure area.[43]

Deep Depression ARB 04

Deep depression (IMD)
Tropical storm (SSHS)
Duration November 26 – December 1
Intensity 55 km/h (35 mph) (3-min),  998 mbar (hPa)

On November 26, at 11:30 AM IST, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) upgraded a low pressure south of India near Cape Comorin into a depression, designating the name ARB 04.[44] The same day, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) upgraded the storm from a tropical depression to a Tropical Storm and named it 05A.[45] Extensive damage and loss of life has been reported in Sri Lanka, where the storm is linked with heavy rains which have caused 19 deaths and damage to 5,700 homes.[46] The IMD upgraded the storm to a Deep Depression on 28 November.[47] Later on 29 November the IMD downgraded the storm into a depression.[48] Following the downgrading of the storm by IMD, the JTWC on 30 November issued their final warning on 05A. The IMD, on December 1, reported that the storm had weakened into a well-marked low pressure area, and issued the final bulletin for the system.[49]

Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Thane

Main article: Cyclone Thane
Very severe cyclonic storm (IMD)
Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHS)
Duration December 25, 2011 – December 31, 2011
Intensity 140 km/h (85 mph) (3-min),  976 mbar (hPa)

On December 23, the JTWC reported that a tropical disturbance had developed within the monsoon trough about 1,540 km (960 mi) to the east of Medan in Indonesia.[50][51] Convection surrounding the system had started to consolidate over a weak low level circulation centre, that was being fed by an enhanced westerly flow associated with the precursor system to Tropical Cyclone Benilde.[50][51] Over the next couple of days the disturbance gradually developed further while moving towards the northwest, before the JTWC issued a TCFA on the system during December 25 before designating as Tropical Cyclone 06B later that day.[51][52][53] The IMD also reported during December 25, that the disturbance had organised sufficiently to be declared Depression BOB 05, while it was located about 1,000 km (620 mi) to the southeast of Chennai, India.[54] During the next day, the IMD reported that the depression had intensified into a Deep Depression, before later that day reporting that it had intensified into Cyclonic Storm Thane.[55][56] As it was named, Thane started to turn towards the west under the influence of a subtropical ridge of high pressure before its development slowed as strong outflow and marginally favourable sea surface temperatures fought with persistent easterly vertical wind shear.[57][58]

Early on December 28, the JTWC reported that Thane had become equivalent to a category one hurricane on the SSHWS before later that day the IMD reported that Thane had become the first Very Severe Cyclonic Storm of the season.[59][60] During December 28, Thane continued to intensify, and developed a small pinhole eye, before the JTWC reported that Thane had peaked early on December 29 with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 150 km/h (90 mph).[61] The IMD then followed suit and reported that the system had peaked as a Very Severe Cyclonic Storm with 3-minute sustained windspeeds of 140 km/h (85 mph).[62] During the rest of that day, the system continued to move westwards and weakened slightly as it started to interact with land. Thane then made landfall as a very severe cyclonic storm early on December 30 on the north Tamil Nadu coast between Cuddalore and Pondicherry. After making landfall, frictional forces made Thane rapidly weaken into a depression. As a result the JTWC issued their final advisory during December 30, while the IMD continued to monitor the remnants of Thane until the depression weakened into a well marked low-pressure area on December 31.[63]

Season effects

This is a table of all storms in the 2011 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. It mentions all of the season's storms and their names, durations, peak intensities (according to the IMD storm scale), landfall(s) – denoted by bold location names – damages, and death totals. Damage and death totals include the damage and deaths caused when that storm was a precursor wave or extratropical low, and all of the damage figures are in 2011 USD.

Storm
Name		 Dates active Storm category
at peak intensity		 Peak 3-min
sustained winds		 Pressure
(hPa)		 Areas affected Damage
(millions USD)		 Deaths
BOB 01 February 2 – 3 Depression 45 km/h (30 mph) 1000 Sri Lanka N/A 18
ARB 01 June 11 – 12 Depression 45 km/h (30 mph) 996 India N/A 0
BOB 02 June 16 – 23 Deep Depression 65 km/h (40 mph) 978 India N/A 6
LAND 01 July 22 – 23 Depression 35 km/h (25 mph) 990 India None 0
BOB 03 September 22 – 23 Depression 45 km/h (30 mph) 995 India N/A 42
BOB 04 October 19 – 20 Deep Depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 1000 Bangladesh, Myanmar 1.64 215
Keila October 29 – November 4 Cyclonic Storm 65 km/h (40 mph) 996 Oman, Yemen N/A 14
ARB 03 November 6 – November 10 Deep Depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 1000 None None 0
ARB 04 November 26 – December 1 Deep Depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 998 Lakshadweep (India), Sri Lanka None 19
Thane December 25 – December 31 Very Severe Cyclonic Storm 140 km/h (85 mph) 976 India N/A 46
Season Aggregates
10 systems February 2 – December 31 140 km/h (85 mph) 976 >1.64 360

Storm names

Within this basin, a tropical cyclone is assigned a name when it is judged to have reached Cyclonic Storm intensity with winds of 65 km/h (40 mph). The names were selected by members of the ESCAP/WMO panel on Tropical Cyclones between 2000 and May 2004, before the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in New Delhi started to assign names in September 2004. There is no retirement of tropical cyclone names in this basin as the list of names is only scheduled to be used once before a new list of names is drawn up. Should a named tropical cyclone move into the basin, from the Western Pacific then it will retain its original name. The next six names from the list of North Indian Ocean storm names are below.

See also

References

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External links

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Tropical cyclones of the 2011 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
IMD Tropical Cyclone Intensity scale
D DD CS SCS VSC SC
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